ORLAPUBS P. L55: CONTINUATION OF L18 on errors in English

HOW TO PRONOUNCE GYNECOLOGY, BEIJING, ERR, REALTOR, PRESENTATION, DISSECT, GENEALOGY, CONDUIT, VIA, MEMORABILIA, LINGERIE, ETC., ON VARIOUS PLACE NAMES, with INFORMATION ON SOME CLASSICAL PLURALS AND ON SOME GRAMMATICAL USAGES

UNCULTIVATED USAGE	CULTIVATED USAGE
"less" for "fewer" (no longer an error)	formerly, "less" was used for a mass quantity; "fewer,{" for counted quantities
"put/set/place X into a thing/danger"	Use "in" instead of "into"
"acquiesce to"	"acquiesce in"
"car'mel" (less often, "guar'ntee")	"caramel" (the last syllable may be fully stressed or unstressed)
"immune, dissimilar, recreant from"	Use "to" instead of "from"
fulsome (= "filthy") praise	high praise
disect [not a real word]	"bisect" ("divide/cut in two") or "dissect" ("take apart")
**Perse-us, These-us, Orphe-us (cf. Zeus")**	*-eus* is a single syllable with a diphthong; these items rhyme with the noun "disuse"**
"Seawall, leeward, steward"	"ew" is a diphthong; don't split it up, adding a superfluous syllable: These words are pronounced Soow'l, looward, and stiuward
*'veHicle, veHement' (omit "h"--and don't add mid-stress to -Hi-* in vehicle)**	"w" and "h" drop before unstressed syllables, though no longer at the beginning of an orthotone (not clitic) words; what was "a history" : "an (h)istorical" is now "a history : a historical." internal "y" preceded by a stressed nucleus and followed by an unstressed vowel is treated differently--preserved in Southern States sequoya, lawyer, loyal, la Jolla, etc. In the Northern States, the "y" is shifted to form a diphthong (or triphthong) with a preceding stressed vowel.
"dip-t(h)ong" or "diph-tong"	dif-thong ("diphthong")
spagnum	sfagnum "sphagnum"
"bless'd" (all right as a verb form)	"blessëd" when a predicate adjective; the attributive can be "blessed" or (older) "blest"
"alleg'd," etc.	these vary from speaker to speaker between -d and -ëd
"excape"	however logical "excape" is, "escape" is the cultivated form
"niche"	either "nitch" or "neesh"
"bacteria is"	bacteria are
"whereabouts are unknown"	whereabouts IS unknown
"data is" (no longer an error)	*originally plural (like "bacteria,) insignia," etc.) with "are," the word "data" is now treated as a singular mass noun with "is"*
nor	correlated only with "neither"-- not with "no" and other negatives--; it may be used without any correlate
"place into, replace into"	"in" follows "place" (unless it's thinkable that some ontological change in what is placed occurs)!
"presently" as though "now"	"presently" has traditionally meant "shortly, soon"
"nearly, almost" (no error nowadays)	formerly distinguished by some authorities, cultivated speakers treat these alike
verbal	do not use "verbal" (which means "in words") with "oral"
"lamentable, combatant/combative, ""composite," "mischíevous," "posthúmous," "quintuple" (and other words with " -uple")	stressing the middle syllable is gaining in a number of words that have heretofore been stressed on the first syllable in good English
"an history"	"an" can be (archaïcally) used before "historical," since the first syllable is unstressed
"nucular, ..."	"nuclear, ..."
"patent(ly)"	when it means "(self-)evident(ly," the "a" is as in "make"
mall (no error)	can rhyme with "pal, doll," or "maul/tall"
"geneology"	it's "geneAlogy"!
"different than"	avoided by some in favor of "different from" or "different to"
amateur, conoisseur	the final syllable of such French words rhymes with fur
"loan" for "lend," lay" for "lie," and "set" for "sit"	the denominal "loan" is now accepted; "lay" but not "set" can be treated as ...ponent (acive) verb
illumin(at)e, predestin(at)e, commun(icat)e	the longer forms have liturgical senses that the shorter forms normally lack; but "communicate" and "commune" (= "meditate," etc. ) differ in non-liturgical usage
proven/ed, shown/showed, sown/sowed, sewn/sewed	"proven, shown, sown, sewn" should be used only in a position where "rotten" is (except for the meaning) acceptable; use the forms in "-ed" where "rotted" would be used
bilingyoowal for "bilingual"	it's "bilingwal"
"situation, genuine," etc.	Non-native speakers take note: English inserts a [w] between unstressed "u" and a vowel except when "qu, gu" are "kw" and "gw"
patent	traditionally, the pronunciation has "ay" for the sense, "open, evident"
primer	the "i" is traditionally like "i" in "prime"; but in America, the "i" is like "i" in "grim" when the sense is that of an elementary or introductory book to a subject
stigmata, incognito	the stressed syllables are "stig-" (not "-ma-") and "-cog-" (not "-ni")

Do you say To-yota or Toy-ota?
There are various places where foregrounding (preposing) the adposition to the front of the clause is not allowed. One of these is indirect questions (e.g. "They asked on what we were engaged.") Don't confuse an unmoved preposition in the main clause (e.g. "She was worried about what they were doing") with a foregrounded preposition in the subordinate clause! Note that a foregrounded preposition is a bit more allowable before an interrogative adjectival--what? or which? as in "She wondered to what address it should be sent" vs. "She wondered *to what it should be attributed"--than before interrogative pronouns. Naturally, a succession of prepositions belonging to different clauses is not allowed; e.g. "He wondered about *in what they were engaged."